Fiberoptic monitoring of cardiac output and hepatic dye clearance in dogs.

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Abstract
Fiberoptic techniques were used to measure cardiac output, blood volume, and hepatic clearance of indocyanine green dye in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. These studies illustrate the utility of fiberoptic methods in terms of ease of making measurements and lack of necessity for blood sampling or withdrawal. Indocyanine dye concentration may be determined accurately, continuously, and almost instantaneously. However, these studies also point out certain unsolved problems in the use of fiberoptics in long-term monitoring, and these include clotting at the catheter tip and base line and gain drift in the instrumentation.