THE RETINAL CHANGES OF ARTERIOSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE AND ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

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Abstract
Many papers dealing with the retina in its relation to systemic conditions have appeared in recent years. Likewise numerous wholly descriptive essays have been published concerning retinal changes. However, there have been very few attempts to correlate the modern concepts of heart disease with retinal changes. Even in the latter papers there has been much confusion in the use of such terms as cardiorenal disease, essential hypertension, benign hypertension, arteriosclerosis and arteriosclerotic heart disease. While the descriptions given of the retinal changes are satisfactory, the exact etiology of the underlying conditions is obscurely stated. The newer knowledge of cardiology has apparently escaped the notice of even the most recent authors of essays as well as the authors of the ophthalmologic texts.1 The greatest amount of confusion seems to arise as a result of failing to realize that arteriosclerosis and essential hypertension are distinctly different entities. The

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