Aluminium maltol–induced neurocytoskeletal changes in fetal rabbit midbrain in matrix culture

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Abstract
We have developed a neuronal culture system to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of aluminium maltol on fetal rabbit midbrain sections containing the oculomotor nucleus. Cultures were treated with 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 mumol/l aluminium maltol or 39 and 45 mumol/l maltol (molal equivalents to 13 and 15 mumol/l aluminium maltol). Control cultures were maintained in nutrient medium alone. Silver-positive neuritic swellings and occasional perikaryal neurofibrillary tangles were observed in cultures treated with 11, 13 and 15 mumol/l aluminium maltol. The number of tangles (involved neurons) produced in aluminium maltol treated cultures were counted and compared to (untreated) controls. We observed a total of 3, 7 and 7% of involved neurons following treatment with 11, 13 and 15 mumol/l aluminium maltol respectively, and none in the control group. By immunohistochemistry, neurofibrillary tangles were immunoreactive with MAbs to phosphorylated (SMI-31), non-phosphorylated, phosphorylation dependent (SMI-32) and phosphorylation independent (SMI-33) epitopes of the high (-H) and middle (-M) molecular weight neurofilament subunits (NF-H/M). By contrast these lesions were nonreactive with MAbs recognizing tau, MAP2 or different beta-tubulin isotypes. The perikaryal tangles consisted of focal accumulations of 10 nm straight filaments by electron microscopy. These findings are in agreement with previous data from rabbit in vivo studies after the administration of aluminium maltol intravenously (Bertholf et al., 1989) or intraventricularly (Katsetos et al., 1990). Using this in vitro system, aluminium-induced neurofibrillary tangles can be consistently produced, and changes in the distribution of neurofilament proteins evaluated. These studies may aid in the assessment of the possible role of aluminium in the aetiology of human neurodegenerative disorders.