Depression and occupational disability in five diagnostic groups: A review of recent research

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Abstract
Purpose. To compare the methodologies and results of research across five diagnostic groups in which there was expected to be a high prevalence of depression and occupational disability. Method. A review of research published since 1994 was carried out concerning depression and occupational disability in five diagnostic groups: Major depressive disorder (MDD), spinal cord injuries (SCI), traumatic brain injuries (TBI), chronic back pain (CP) and myocardial infarction/coronary artery bypass grafting (MI/CABG). Results. Prospective longitudinal designs were mostly undertaken in MDD studies. Diagnostic interview schedules were utilized in most MDD studies whereas self-report inventories that tend to confound somatic and depressive symptoms were mostly used in CP, SCI, TBI and MI/CABG studies. In longitudinal MDD studies both depression and occupational disability were related to access to enhanced primary care treatment. On the other hand, CP research reported different results concerning the strength of depressive symptoms, cognitive and psychosocial factors in predicting occupational disability. Different trends across diagnostic groups were evident in relation to depression, occupational disability, co-morbidity, socio-demographic factors and psychosocial resources. Conclusions. Co-morbid, socio-demographic and psychosocial factors provide a framework from which to identify those at greater risk of depression and occupational disability. However, more CP, SCI, TBI and MI/CABG studies with diagnostic schedules, prospective designs and longer follow-up are required.