The measurement by ionization methods of the peak kilovoltage across X-ray tubes

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Abstract
The difficulties of measuring the kilovoltage across modern X-ray tubes immersed in oil within earthed shields are pointed out, and the need for a method of measurement applicable when the apparatus is installed ready for use is emphasized. Methods are developed based on observing the threshold of phenomena associated with the absorption of X-rays from the apparatus by the K-shells of various irradiated materials. These phenomena are (i) the emission of characteristic radiation, (ii) the emission of photo- and Auger electrons, and (iii) the additional absorption of the X-ray beam. A method employing a combination of effects (i) and (iii) is finally adopted, and several examples are given for X-ray machines operated at both high and low milliamperages. A simpler technique is described suitable for measuring the voltage drop under various loads.

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