Relation Among Portal Segmentation, Proper Hepatic Vein, and External Notch of the Caudate Lobe in the Human Liver

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Abstract
To identify portal segmentation and a portal fissure in the caudate lobe of the human liver in relation to the hepatic venous system and the external notch at the caudal edge of the caudate lobe. Although the anatomy of the caudate lobe has been studied, the detailed anatomy has not yet been clarified; this is necessary to develop safe procedures for caudate lobe resection. A total of 88 formalin-fixed human livers were dissected to visualize the portal vein and hepatic vein systems of the caudate lobe in relation to the external notch. The patterns of portal branching were classified into two types. In 58 livers (67.4%), the territories of the first-order portal branches were clearly divided into two areas (the Spiegel lobe and the paracaval portion). In the remaining 28 livers (32.6%), the territories of the second-order portal branches were clearly divided into two areas. These two areas were distinctly separated by an internal plane, which was coincident with the external notch. The caudate lobe had a systematized hepatic venous system that consisted of one (87.5%) or two (11.4%) proper hepatic veins and plural accessory hepatic veins. The proper hepatic veins laid along the internal plane between these two portal areas. The caudate lobe exhibited distinct portal segmentation with a portal fissure that was indicated internally by the proper hepatic vein and externally by the notch at the caudal edge of the caudate lobe.