The complete ionization scheme for citric acid

Abstract
The microacidity constants for citric acid have been redetermined from pH titrations of citric acid and selected methyl esters in aqueous solution at 25�C and at two ionic strengths. The results obtained differ from those previously published. Calculated acidity constants, derived from a careful consideration of the empirical substituent effect, are also given and are in reasonable agreement with the experimental acidity constants.

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