Montmorillonite: A multifunctional mineral catalyst for the prebiological formation of phosphate esters

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Abstract
Reaction of diiminosuccinonitrile (DISN) with 3′-AMP in the presence of alkali- and alkaline earth-montmorillonites results in the formation of 2′,3′-cAMP in aqueous solution. Little or no 2′,3′-cAMP is produced when metal ion concentrations equivalent to that of the metal ion associated with the homoionic clays are used instead of mobntmorillionite. Yields comparable to those obtained with DISN are obtained when diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) is used in place of DISN as the condensing agent. DAMN, a compound which is more stable than DISN in aqueous solution, is oxidized to DISN on the surface of the clay by Fe+3 in the clay lattice. DISN, the true condensing agent, is thus generated in the presence of the bound 3′-AMP on the montmorillonite surface. The montmorillonite catalyzes the DISN-mediated formation of 2′,3′-cAMP and this product, which binds much less strongly than does the 3′-AMP, is desorbed from the clay surface. This research established that the montmorillonite performs four different functions in its role as catalyst: (1) Binding one of the substrate molecules (3′-AMP) (2) Activating the second substrate (DAMN) (3) Catalyzing the formation of 2′,3′-cAMP (4) Releasing the reaction product so another substrate molecules can bind to the montmorillonite.