Survival Time and Lethal Exposure Time for the Blacknose Dace Exposed to Free Chlorine and Chloramines
- 30 March 1976
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
- Vol. 105 (2) , 313-321
- https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1976)105<313:stalet>2.0.co;2
Abstract
Survival time and lethal exposure time were determined by continuous flow bioassay for blacknose dace, Rhinichthys atratulus, exposed to four concentrations each of free chlorine solutions and of chloramine solutions. For the concentrations tested, the lethal exposure time, a period of minimum exposure time of the fish in the test solutions to carry a toxic process to a point where recovery is no longer possible, was found to be shorter than the survival time, a period from the time of immersion to the time of death of the fish in the test solutions. The difference between median lethal exposure time and median survival time decreased with a decrease in total chlorine concentrations. Using either the median survival time or median lethal exposure time as the toxicity index, chloramines are more toxic than free chlorine to the blacknose dace at high concentrations, but less so in low concentrations.Keywords
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