Abstract
In 1981, Pippard & Ellam published the findings of their survey of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) in Great Britain. This was the first such survey to use a ‘medical audit’ approach, and included field visits to ECT clinics and a three-month uncontrolled outcome study of patients. They reported that ECT was used selectively, but that equipment, administration of the treatment, and clinic premises left much to be desired.

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