Studies on the Mechanism of Antihypercholesterolemic Action of Soy Protein and Soy Protein-Type Amino Acid Mixtures in Relation to the Casein Counterparts in Rats

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Abstract
Given evidence of a hypocholesterolemic effect in rats, soy protein compared with casein showed the following effects on cholesterol dynamics: a) lower cholesterol absorption and greater fecal steroid excretion, b) more rapid turnover of serum cholesterol, c) a marked size reduction of the rapidly exchangeable cholesterol pool (pool A) through a significant increase in the removal rate in that compartment without influencing the production rate, and d) greater hepatic sterogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the amino acid mixture equivalent to soy protein compared with casein-type mixture showed: a) no effects on cholesterol absorption and fecal steroid excretion, b) no effects on the turnover of serum cholesterol, c) the reduction of pool A size as a result of decreased production, and d) the reduction of hepatic steroidogenesis in vitro, but not in vivo. These results indicate that decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol and increased fecal steroid excretion are primarily responsible for the antihypercholesterolemic effect of soy protein compared with casein. The fecal loss of steroids far outweighs the activation of hepatic steroidogenesis. In the case of the soy protein-type amino acid mixture, the depression of hepatic cholesterol synthesis seems accountable for reducing serum cholesterol levels.