Energetics of fish larvae, the smallest vertebrates

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Abstract
In this review recent findings on the energetics of fish larvae are presented, highlighting some of the physiological problems linked to small body size. The existence of a mass-independent phase of specific metabolic rate is confirmed but it is pointed out that in young fish ontogenetic transitions of metabolic scaling have so far been documented only for the routine level of activity. Maximum metabolic rate is limited by mitochondrial density in the swimming muscles which scales with a mass exponent of approximately 0.9. Mitochondrial density in the swimming muscles of a species of fish, from larva to adult, covers about the same range as mitochondrial density in the skeletal muscles of mammals. However, the aerobic capacity (power density) of mitochondria is one order of magnitude lower in fish than in mammals. Energy metabolism in embryos and early larvae of fish is almost entirely aerobic. Anaerobic power in the fast muscle fibres is low after hatching but increases during the transition from larva to juvenile with a mass exponent greater than one. In hypoxic water fish larvae swim more economically (i.e. their cost of transport is lower) than in normoxic water. If the rate of growth exceeds a critical threshold (about 10% d-1) fish larvae are capable of increasing the apparent efficiency of growth, probably by reducing the costs of other energy-consuming functions of maintenance.