Double-Photon Transitions in Microwave Spectroscopy

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Abstract
The expression for the absorption coefficient in two-photon resonance transitions is deduced under general conditions. No particular restrictions are imposed on the level system or on the frequencies and intensities of the fields. The following cases are considered: (i) a two-level system (with and without singularities) irradiated by a single wave and (ii) a three-level system irradiated by two waves. Some theoretical and experimental disagreements reported by authors of previous papers are examined and clarified by the present theory.