On the Figural After-Effect

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Abstract
Two experiments were carried out on the figural after-effect. The first was intended to discover whether the figural after-effect did in fact take place with statistically significant universality. The method of scoring is relevant to the question of statistical significance, but at the best the figural after-effect appears to occur in only a slightly significant manner under the first conditions used. These involved the viewing of a single circle displaced to the left of a fixation point (the inspection-figure) and so placed that if it were superimposed on the second figure—which consisted of two squares on either side of the fixation-point—the circle completely encircled the left-hand square. The second figure is called the test-figure. The fixation point of the inspection-figure was fixated for 25 seconds with one eye, and then the test-figure was substituted and viewed with the opposite eye. A decision was then given by the observer as to the relative size of the squares. Eye-dominance did not appear to be connected with these after-effect processes. In the second experiment, however, the statistical significance of the occurrence of the after-effects was undoubted. There were two changes in experimental conditions: the instructions to the observers were changed somewhat and a second circle was introduced into the inspection-figure. No difference of any kind was found to occur in the figural after-effect when the test-figure and inspection-figure were displaced horizontally and when they were displaced vertically, and there appeared to be a precisely opposite effect to that predicted when the test-figure and the inspection-figure were actually superimposed. The most important finding was that, whereas in the first experiment the after-effect occurred with a frequency which was barely significant statistically, it occurred on every occasion under the different conditions of the second experiment.

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