Vessel ends and the disruption of water flow in plants.

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Abstract
The initial, and probably only cause, of water conduction disruption is embolism, not plugging. Water will retreat from the injured vessel via intervessel into neighboring xylem still under tension. The vessel is permanently non-function and may be plugged by gums, tyloses or fungal hyphae in disease. Ring-porous trees with their long vessels are particularly vunerable to this type of disruption. Emboli develop in these trees every winter and vessels are replaced in the spring. These vessels due to their large size, small number and superficial location are extremely vulnerable to such diseases as chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease and oak wilt. Drought may also cause emboli.

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