Moose browsing and allelopathic effects of Kalmiaangustifolia on balsam fir regeneration in central Newfoundland

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Abstract
We collected forest floor organic matter at two sites where exclosures had been established 12 years previously. The exclosures allowed examination of the effects of moose (Alcesalces) herbivory on the growth of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea). The areas supported an understory with Kalmiaangustifolia, which has been shown to affect seedling growth of black spruce (Piceamariana). Balsam fir seedlings grown in the laboratory in soil from outside the exclosures showed a significant reduction in fresh weight of the primary root compared with plants grown in washed sand. Treatment soils also showed a previously known growth inhibition effect on roots of black spruce. Exclusion of moose browsing resulted in a higher density of balsam fir inside the exclosures, while Kalmia, which was not browsed, was more dense outside the exclosures. We postulate that moose browsing reduces the extent to which balsam fir shades Kalmia, and can result in a higher density of the latter species, with consequent inhibitory effects on regenerating coniferous species.