Novel organization of the site‐specific integration and excision recombination functions of the Staphylococcus aureus serotype F virulence‐converting phages φ13 and φ42

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Abstract
Functions required for site-specific integration and excision of the Staphylococcus aureus serotype F virulence-converting phages φ13 and φ42 were localized and characterized. Like other temperate phages, integration of φ13 and φ42 sequences was found to require the product of an int gene located close to the phage attP site. Both int genes are almost identical, express proteins possessing characteristic features of the Int (integrase) family of recombinases, but share very little homology with previously described int genes, including those of the serotype B S. aureus phages L54a and φ11. Nevertheless, all four S. aureus phages share an almost identical short sequence located immediately 5′ to these distinct int genes, suggesting a common mechanism of int gene regulation. Upstream from these common sequences, the sequences of φ13 and φ42 are quite distinct from each other, and from the corresponding regions of φ11 and L54a which encode the Xis proteins that are required with Int to mediate site-specific excision of the latter phages. Surprisingly, φ13 and φ42 sequences encompassing the attP sites and int genes, but lacking either an adjacent or more distant phage excision protein gene, were sufficient to mediate site-specific excision of integrated phage DNA sequences.