ABC of palliative care: Depression, anxiety, and confusion

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Abstract
A common mistake is to assume that depression and anxiety represent nothing more than natural and understandable reactions to incurable illness. When cure is not possible, the analytical approach we adopt to physical and psychological signs and symptoms is often forgotten. Excuse is found in the overlap of symptoms due to physical disease, depression, and anxiety. This error of approach and the lack of diagnostic importance given to major and minor symptoms of depression result in underdiagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorder #### Losses and threats of major illness The emotional and cognitive changes in patients with advanced disease reflect both psychological and biological effects of the medical condition and its treatment. Psychological adjustment reactions after diagnosis or relapse often include fear, sadness, perplexity, and anger. These usually resolve within a few weeks with the help of the patients' own personal resources, family support, and professional care. A minority of patients, about 10-20%, develop formal psychiatric disorders that require specific evaluation and management in addition to general support. It is important to recognise psychiatric disorders because, if untreated, they add to patients' suffering and hamper their ability to come to terms with their illness, put their affairs in order, and communicate with others. #### Risk factors for anxiety and depression

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