Linkage maps of grapevine displaying the chromosomal locations of 420 microsatellite markers and 82 markers for R-gene candidates

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Abstract
Genetic maps functionally oriented towards disease resistance have been constructed in grapevine by analysing with a simultaneous maximum-likelihood estimation of linkage 502 markers including microsatellites and resistance gene analogs (RGAs). Mapping material consisted of two pseudo-testcrosses, ‘Chardonnay’ × ‘Bianca’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ × ‘20/3’ where the seed parents were Vitis vinifera genotypes and the male parents were Vitis hybrids carrying resistance to mildew diseases. Individual maps included 320–364 markers each. The simultaneous use of two mapping crosses made with two pairs of distantly related parents allowed mapping as much as 91% of the markers tested. The integrated map included 420 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers that identified 536 SSR loci and 82 RGA markers that identified 173 RGA loci. This map consisted of 19 linkage groups (LGs) corresponding to the grape haploid chromosome number, had a total length of 1,676 cM and a mean distance between adjacent loci of 3.6 cM. Single-locus SSR markers were randomly distributed over the map (CD = 1.12). RGA markers were found in 18 of the 19 LGs but most of them (83%) were clustered on seven LGs, namely groups 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18 and 19. Several RGA clusters mapped to chromosomal regions where phenotypic traits of resistance to fungal diseases such as downy mildew and powdery mildew, bacterial diseases such as Pierce’s disease, and pests such as dagger and root-knot nematode, were previously mapped in different segregating populations. The high number of RGA markers integrated into this new map will help find markers linked to genetic determinants of different pest and disease resistances in grape.