Surgical Treatment for Fetal Disease: The State of the Art

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Abstract
Sophisticated imaging and fetal sampling techniques have defined the natural history and pathophysiologic characteristics of many previously mysterious conditions of newborn. Although most prenatally diagnosed malformations are best managed by appropriate medical and surgical therapy after delivery, an increasing number of simple anatomic abnormalities with predictably devastating developmental consequences have been successfully corrected before birth. Many of the technical intricacies of open fetal surgery have been solved, but preterm labor remains an omnipresent risk to the mother and fetus. The recent development of minimally invasive techniques to treat the fetus prenatally has significantly lessened preterm labor. Minimally invasive surgical techniques, in combination with new tocolytic strategies, promise to extend the indications for fetal surgical intervention.