Determination of Kubelka–Munk scattering and absorption coefficients by diffuse illumination

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Abstract
The Kubelka–Munk theory, although it provides an equation that relates the reflection of a sample under diffuse illumination to certain of its properties, does not take boundary reflectance into account. Boundary reflection is always present because there is always a difference between the refractive indices of the sample and of the surrounding medium. We describe how a half-sphere is used to achieve diffuse illumination, and we present and exemplify equations that correct for boundary reflection with measurements of four composite restorative dental materials. The refractive index of the sample is measured with a matching technique that employs a glycerol–water mixture. Edge loss errors are estimated.