Simulating Stable Stochastic Systems, II: Markov Chains

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Abstract
A technique for simulating GI/G/s queues is shown to apply to simulations of discrete and continuous-time Markov chains. It is possible to address questions of simulation run duration and of starting and stopping simulations because of the existence of a random grouping of observations which produces independent identically distributed blocks from the start of the simulation. This grouping allows confidence intervals to be obtained for a general function of the steady-state distribution of the Markov chain. The technique is illustrated with simulation of an ( s, S ) inventory model in discrete time and the classical repairman problem in continuous time. Consideration is also given to determining system sensitivity to errors and uncertainty in the input parameters.

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