Laboratory Wind Tunnel Tests of Nine Insecticides against Adult Culicoides Species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

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Abstract
Nine insecticides were tested against field adult sand flies in a non-thermal wind tunnel. Culicoides mississippiensis Hoffman represented more than 90% of the total sand flies tested. The insecticides included 5 organophosphate (OP) compounds (malathion, naled, fenitrothion, fenthion, and chlorpyrifos), 3 pyrethroids (resmethrin, phenothrin and permethrin) and a combination of malathion/resmethrin (90:1). Mortality was recorded at 1.4 and 24 h posttreatment. Malathion, the standard, was intermediate among the OP compounds in effectiveness at the 24-h, LC90 level. The OP compounds exhibited poor knockdown at the LC90 dosage levels and the addition of resmethrin to malathion only slightly increased the knockdown of malathion. The pyrethroids exhibited nearly 100% knockdown 1 h posttreatment at both the LC50 and LC90 levels, but some individual sand fly recovery occurred 24 h later.