Auxotonic and isometric cardiac force transducers.

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Abstract
Cardiac force gauges with improved coupling to the intact heart were devised. The transducers are coupled to the intact heart by a set of pins thrust through the myocardium. The instruments can be used to measure tensile stress (force per unit area) in the beating myocardium under isometric or auxotonic conditions. This permits comparisons of contractile force between different experiments.

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