Travel-time errors in the laterally inhomogeneous earth

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Abstract
Travel times from earthquakes or explosions contain both positive and negative systematic errors. Positive skews in travel-time residuals due to epicenter mislocation, and negative skews due to lateral inhomogeneity in the Earth, are analyzed. Methods for travel-time estimation are critically reviewed. Recent travel-time tables, including the J-B tables, are within the range of root-mean-square travel-time fluctuations; the J-B tables are systematically late but cannot be reliably improved by least-square methods. Effects of lateral inhomogeneity at teleseismic distances can be estimated by chronoidal methods independently of standard tables, but the available explosion data are insufficiently well-distributed in azimuth and distance for this purpose.

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