Identification of S‐1,2,2‐trichlorovinyl‐N‐acetylcysteine as a urinary metabolite of tetrachloroethylene: Bioactivation through glutathione conjugation as a possible explanation of its nephrocarcinogenicity

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Abstract
The elimination and metabolism of [14‐C]‐tetrachloroethylene (Tetra) was studied in female rats and mice after the oral administration of 800 mg/kg [14‐C]‐Tetra. Elimination of unchanged Tetra was the main pathway of elimination in both species and amounted to 91.2% of the dose in rats and 85.1% in mice. [14‐C]‐Carbon dioxide (CO2) was found to be a trace metabolite of [14‐C]‐Tetra. Only a small part of the applied dose was transformed to urinary (rats = 2.3%, mice = 7.1%) and fecal (rats = 2.0%, mice = 0.5%) metabolites. The urinary metabolites were separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The following metabolites could be identified: oxalic acid (8.0% of urinary radioactivity in rats, 2.9% in mice), dichloroacetic acid (5.1%, 4.4%), trichloroacetic acid (54.0%, 57.8%), N‐trichloroacetyl‐aminoethanol (5.4%, 5.7%), trichloroethanol, free and conjugated (8.7%, 8.0%), S‐1,2,2‐trichlorovinyl‐N‐acetylcysteine (N‐acetyl TCVC) (1.6%, 0.5%), and another conjugate of trichloroacetic acid (1.8%, 1.3%). The structures of the identified metabolites indicate two different pathways operative in Tetra biotransformation: cytochrome P‐450‐mediated epoxidation forming reactive metabolites in the liver and conjugation of Tetra with glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by glutathione transferase(s). The formation of reactive intermediates by renal processing of the glutathione conjugates may provide a molecular mechanism for the nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of Tetra in male rats.