Nutrient density estimates from an average of food frequency and food records correlate well with serum concentrations of vitamins E and the carotenoids in free-living adults

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Abstract
Dietary intakes are usually estimated by either a food frequency test, or by food records. We hypothesized that dietary intake estimates for fat soluble vitamins might be more accurate if information from both food frequency tests and food records were used. We estimated dietary intakes in 10 healthy adults by 4 food frequency questionnaires and ten 3-day food records collected over a year. Serum antioxidant nutrient concentrations (vitamins A, E, and the carotenoids) were measured by HPLC throughout the year. Few changes in intake occurred over the year. Estimates of nutrient densities correlated more often than estimates of nutrient intakes to serum nutrient concentrations. Nutrient density estimates derived from the average of food frequency and food record estimates were significantly correlated with serum nutrient concentrations more often than dietary estimates derived from either food frequency or food records alone. We suggest that nutrient density estimates derived from a combination of food frequency and food records may be useful for studies of freeliving individuals.