An overview of considerations and approaches for developing in vivo EPR for clinical applications

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Abstract
This paper describes the rationale for carrying out EPR studies in human subjects in the clinical setting and the potential approaches and specific steps needed to make such studies feasible and useful. The suggested operational approach is to have the initial applications occur in as clinically useful and simple a manner as possible, with the expectation that once the technique is introduced and accepted in the clinical setting, that more complex and/or more technically difficult applications will be able to be developed. The initial approach should be based on EPR spectroscopy at 1.2 GHz focusing on clinical applications for which in vivo EPR provides a clearly useful approach to important clinical problems for which currently there is no good alternative approach, that can be carried out by measurements within 10 mm of the surface. The suggested initial clinical applications are: guiding tumor therapy for tumors and vascular disease by direct measurements of tissue pO2, characterizing and monitoring implanted drug delivery systems, and monitoring critical care.