Antimicrobial activities of clofazimine and B669 are mediated by lysophospholipids

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Abstract
The susceptibilities of a range of gram-positive and gram-negative microbial pathogens to clofazimine and its analog B669 (0.1 to 32 micrograms/ml), as well as the effects of these agents on membrane phospholipid metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, have been investigated in vitro. Gram-positive bacteria were found to be generally susceptible to these agents, whereas gram-negative organisms were uniformly resistant. Exposure of S. aureus to both agents (1 to 5 micrograms/ml), especially B669, caused dose-related enhancement of the activity of phospholipase A2, according to an increase in the release of 3H-radiolabeled arachidonate and lysophosphatidylethanolamine ([3H]LPE) from bacterial-membrane phospholipids. Treatment of E. coli with the riminophenazines also increased the release of [3H]arachidonate and [3H]LPE. Growth of gram-positive but not gram-negative bacteria was inhibited by LPE and lysophosphatidylcholine. Moreover, coincubation with alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), a lysophospholipid complex-forming agent, or with lysophospholipase protected gram-positive bacteria against the riminophenazines as well as against lysophospholipids. The results from this study are consistent with a mechanism whereby lysophospholipids mediate the activities of the two drugs.