The in Vitro Phosphorylation of P53 by Calcium‐Dependent Protein Kinase C

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Abstract
We show that, in vitro, Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates recombinant murine p53 protein on several residues contained within a conserved basic region of 25 amino acids, located in the C-terminal part of the protein. Accordingly, synthetic p53-(357–381)-peptide is phosphorylated by PKC at multiple Ser and Thr residues, including Ser360, Thr365, Ser370 and Thr377. We also establish that p53-(357–381)-peptide at micromolar concentrations has the ability to stimulate sequence-specific DNA binding by p53. That stimulation is lost upon phosphorylation by PKC. To further characterise the mechanisms that regulate PKC-dependent phosphorylation of p53-(357–381)-peptide, the phosphorylation of recombinant p53 and p53-(357–381)-peptide by PKC were compared. The results suggest that phosphorylation of full-length p53 on the C-terminal PKC sites is highly dependent on the accessibility of the phosphorylation sites and that a domain on p53 distinct from p53-(357–381)-peptide is involved in binding PKC. Accordingly, we have identified a conserved 27-amino-acid peptide, p53-(320–346)-peptide, within the C-terminal region of p53 and adjacent to residues 357-381 that interacts with PKC in vitro. The interaction between p53-(320–346)-peptide and PKC inhibits PKC autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of substrates, including p53-(357–381)-peptide, neurogranin and histone H1. Conventional Ca2+-dependent PKC α, β and γ and the catalytic fragment of PKC (PKM) were nearly equally susceptible to inhibition by p53-(320–346)-peptide. The Ca2+-independent PKC  was much less sensitive to inhibition. The significance of these findings for understanding the in vivo phosphorylation of p53 by PKC are discussed.