Of 89 consecutive patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies or undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 60 were colonized with C. albicans and 25 with C. tropicalis. Of the 18 disseminated infections caused by Candida spp., 15 infections in 14 patients were caused by C. tropicalis and only 3 infections in 3 patients by C. albicans. The setting in which the infection occurred, skin lesions, polyarthralgias or polymyalgias and unexplained renal function deterioration were features suggestive of the diagnosis. Defervescence occurred in 10 of 14 treated patients with C. tropicalis infections of 1-6 d (mean, 2.5 d) after therapy initiation, even though all continued to be granulocytopenic. Resolution occurred in 8 of 15 C. tropicalis infections. In 1 case outcome was indeterminate, 4 patients died due to the infection and 2 died from other causes but with the infection unresolved.