Abstract
If genotypes and environments are independently associated, there is little conceptual problem in partitioning phenotypic variance into components due to genotypes and environments. No single partitioning of phenotypic variance has compelling force when environments and genotypes are not independently associated. A procedure called the analysis of commonality is applied to resolve the ambiguities in the analysis of variance. The analysis of commonality is also applied to subdivided populations and to the partition of genotypic [human] variance into additive and dominance components. The covariance between relatives with no common familial environment is given and it is found that the components of commonality, as well as heritability, cannot be estimated through covariances of relatives alone.

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