Angular steering of the free-electron-laser far-field radiation beam

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Abstract
The free-electron laser (FEL) is presented theoretically in this paper as an angularly directed radiation source. Features of phased-array antenna are incorporated in known FEL schemes to provide the angular steering of the FEL radiation in the far field. Various methods for FEL angular steering are proposed. These are classified in this paper as end-fire and broadside schemes. A unified two-dimensional linear model for the FEL angular steering is derived and implemented to demonstrate the performances of the various steering methods. It is shown that by using a miniature wiggler, a considerable angular steering range is feasible in the broadside FEL scheme in the millimeter wave range. Possible applications for the FEL angular steering features, considering their limitations, are proposed.

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