Effects of Binding and Bactericidal Action of Vancomycin on Bacillus licheniformis Cell Wall Organization as Probed by 15 N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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Abstract
The effects of binding and the bactericidal action of vancomycin on the arrangement and mobilities of cell wall polymers in Bacillus licheniformis were investigated by 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The bactericidal action of vancomycin led to reduced mobilities of cell wall teichoic acid and teichuronic acid in surviving cells. The decrease in teichoic acid mobility was also observed upon binding of vancomycin to B. licheniformis cells and resulted from a specific interaction between the antibiotic and teichoic acid, rather than from electrostatic contraction of the cell wall. The reduction in teichuronic acid mobility appeared to be related either to the elastic contraction of the cell wall resulting from loss of cell turgor or to separation of the cell wall from the protoplast membrane. No spectral changes associated with cell wall autolysis or alterations in cell wall composition, amidation, and cross-linking were found in vancomycin-treated B. licheniformis cells. Binding of vancomycin to Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls led to a decrease in mobility of C-terminal d -alanine residues but was accompanied by an increase in the mobilities of other peptidoglycan residues. The possible contributions of changes in the arrangements of cell wall polymers to the lethal action of vancomycin is discussed.