Arteriovenous shunts in the human spleen

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Abstract
The mission of this study was to determine whether or not arteriovenous connections, indicative of a “closed” type of circulation, existed in the human spleen. Spleens from four patients requiring therapeutic splenectomy were the basis for this report. Scanning electron microscopy of plastic corrosion casts, prepared from these four spleens, revealed direct vascular conduits between splenic pulp arteries or arterial capillaries and the venous sinuses in the red pulp. Also demonstrated were a few arteriovenous shunts between pulp arteries or arterial capillaries and pulp or trabecular veins. Inclusion of sized microspheres in low-viscosity perfusion plastic illustrated that some diameters of the connecting shunts were 7-10 μm, with other shunts even smaller. Not only do arteriovenous connections exist in human spleens, but their frequency, as revealed by methods accentuating three-dimensional aspects of the splenic microcirculation, justify future reconsiderations of the functional significance of this closed type of circulation. Examination of samples of the same intact spleens, prepared by freeze-fracture and conventional critical-point drying, also revealed an “open” type circulation structure, namely, pore-patterned sinus walls that could facilitate blood cell movement from pulp cords into venous sinuses. Scanning electron microscopy thus has provided direct evidence that human spleens have both “open” and “closed” circulatory pathways in their microvasculature.