Changes in nucleolar transcriptional activity and nuclear DNA content during the first steps of rat hepatocarcinogenesis

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Abstract
Two complementary genetic parameters were followed in liver parenchymal cells during the first steps of rat hepatocarcinogenesis: the expression of nucleolar genes estimated from their silver stainability and the nuclear DNA content determined after Feulgen staining. Putative preneoplastic lesions as foci and nodules were induced by the triphasic ‘Gerlans protocol’. Initiation with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was followed by a selection of initiated cells with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AM) In combination with a single necrogenic dose of CCl4 as a proliferative stimulus. Finally after 1 week of normal diet, the animals were treated or not with phenobarbital (PB) for periods up to 2 months. Serial sections were analysed after silver staining (AgNO3 methyl green-pyronin staining (Unna-Brachet) and Feulgen stain ing with densitometric and morphometric methods. Silver staining, which is known to stain an acidic protein associated with rRNA synthesis, Increased gradually with the duration of the PB treatment. Morphometry revealed an Increase in both nucleolar and nuclear volume; the fraction of nuclei with one nucleolus also increased. These results seem to point towards an Increase of nucleolar activity In the early steps of PB promotion. Moreover, this shift cannot be ascribed to an increase of DNA content. Indeed, a parallel study on neighbouring sections stained with Feulgen revealed a shift towards a population of diploid nuclei, in contrast to normal liver cells, which are mostly tetraplold. The observed diploidisation may therefore provide a functional advantage for the expansion of putative preneoplastic cells.