The Internal Model Concept: An Application to Modeling Human Control of Large Ships

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Abstract
Many human operator studies have used successfully the concept that the human operator performs his task on the basis of certain knowledge about the system to be controlled, called the internal model. In this paper, the literature on manual control will be reviewed briefly with attention focused on the use of the internal model concept. To illustrate the applicability of the internal model concept in the field of man-machine systems, an application is given in the human control of large ships. A model to describe the helmsman's behavior in steering a supertanker, and the influence on his behavior of additional displays such as a rate of turn indicator will be described.

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