Ligand and halide binding properties of chloroperoxidase: peroxidase-type active site heme environment with cytochrome P-450 type endogenous axial ligand and spectroscopic properties

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Abstract
Equilibrium binding studies of exogenous ligands and halides to the active site heme iron of chloroperoxidase have been carried out from pH 2 to 7. Over twenty ligands have been studied including C, N, O, P, and S donors and the four halides. As judged from changes in the optical absorption spectra, direct binding of the ligands to the heme iron of ferric or ferrous chloroperoxidase occurs in all cases; this has been ascertained for the ferric enzyme in several cases through competition experiments with cyanide. All of the ligands except for the halides, nitrate, and acetate form exclusively low-spin complexes in analogy to results obtained with the spectroscopically related protein, cytochrome P-450-CAM [Sono, M., and Dawson, J. H. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5496-5502]. The titration results show that, for the ferric enzyme, (i) weakly acidic ligands (pKa > 3) bind to the enzyme in their neutral (protonated) form, followed by deprotonation upon ligation to the heme iron. In contrast (ii) strongly acidic ligands (pKa < 0) including SCN-, NO3-, and the halides except for F- likely bind in the their anionic (deprotonated) form to the acid form of the enzyme: a single ionizable group on the protein with a pKa < 2 is involved in this binding. For the ferrous enzyme, (iii) a single ionizable group with the pKa value of 5.5 affects ligand binding. These results reveal that chloroperoxidase, in spite of the previously established close spectroscopic and heme iron coordination structure similarities to the P-450 enzymes, clearly belongs to the hydroperoxidases in terms of its ligand binding properties and active site heme environment. Magnetic circular dichroism studies indicate that the alkaline form (pH 9.5) of ferric chloroperoxidase has an RS-ferric heme-N donor ligand coordination structure with the N donor likely derived from histidine imidazole.