Involvement of FKHR-Dependent TRADD Expression in Chemotherapeutic Drug-Induced Apoptosis

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Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs exhibit their cytotoxic effect by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Because the serine/threonine kinase Akt is involved in apoptosis suppression, we investigated the relationship between Akt activity and drug sensitivity. We discovered that certain chemotherapeutic drugs induced apoptosis with caspase activation only when Akt was inactivated after drug treatment, while inactivation of Akt was not observed when tumor cells showed resistance to the drug-induced caspase activation. So, turn-off of the Akt-mediated survival signal is correlated with the sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapy. With a cDNA microarray, we revealed that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain (tradd) gene expression was elevated in response to Akt inactivation. Reportedly, Forkhead family transcription factors are phosphorylated by Akt, which results in their nuclear exit and inactivation. Analysis of the tradd promoter revealed that it contains at least one potential Forkhead family transcription factor-responsive element, and we confirmed that this element was involved in chemotherapeutic drug-induced TRADD expression. Overexpression of mutant TRADD proteins to block its apoptosis-inducing capability attenuated chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Thus, chemotherapeutic drugs exhibited their cytotoxic effects in part by down-regulating Akt signaling following TRADD expression. These results indicate that Akt kinase activity after drug treatment is a hallmark of sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.