A modified surface‐resistance approach for representing bare‐soil evaporation: Wind tunnel experiments under various atmospheric conditions

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Abstract
A physically based (i.e., nonempirical) representation of surface‐moisture availability is proposed, and its applicability is investigated. This method is based on the surface‐resistance approaches, and it uses the depth of evaporating surface rather than the water content of the surface soil as the determining factor of surface‐moisture availability. A simple energy‐balance model including this representation is developed and tested against wind tunnel experiments under various atmospheric conditions. This model can estimate not only the latent heat flux but also the depth of the evaporating surface simultaneously by solving the inverse problem of energy balance at both the soil surface and the evaporating surface. It was found that the depth of the evaporating surface and the latent heat flux estimated by the model agreed well with those observed. The agreements were commonly found out under different atmospheric conditions. The only limitation of this representation is that it is not valid under conditions of drastic change in the radiation input, owing to the influence of transient phase transition of water in the dry surface layer. The main advantage of the approach proposed is that it can determine the surface moisture availability on the basis of the basic properties of soils instead of empirical fitting, although further investigations on its practical use are needed.