EMG of scapulohumeral muscles in the chimpanzee during reaching and “arboreal” locomotion

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Abstract
Current views on the function of the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles emphasize their roles in arm‐raising as participants in a scapulohumeral force “couple.” The acceptance of such a mechanism is based primarily on a 1944 EMG study of human shoulder muscle action. More recently, it has been suggested that shoulder joint stabilization constitutes a second and equally important function of the cuff musculature, especially in nonhuman primates which habitually use their forelimbs in overhead postural and locomotor activities. Few comparative data exist, however, on the actual recruitment patterns of these muscles in different species. In order to assess the general applicability of a scapulohumeral force couple model, and the functional significance of the differential development of the scapulohumeral musculature among primate species, we have undertaken a detailed study of shoulder muscle activity patterns in nonhuman primates employing telemetered electromyography, which permits examination of unfettered natural behaviors and locomotion. The results of our research on the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, on voluntary reaching and two forms of “arboreal” locomotion reveal four ways in which previous perceptions of the function of the scapulohumeral muscles must be revised: (1) the posterior deltoid is completely different in function from the middle and anterior regions of this muscle; (2) the integrity of the glenohumeral joint during suspensory postures is not maintained solely by osseoligamentous structures; (3) the function of teres minor is entirely different from that of the other rotator cuff muscles and is more similar to the posterior deltoid and teres major; and (4) each remaining member of the rotator cuff plays a distinct, and often unique, role during natural behaviors. These results clearly refute the view that the muscles of the rotator cuff act as a single functional unit in any way, and an alternative to the force couple model is proposed.