Effects of quinapril, losartan and hydralazine on cardiac hypertrophy and β‐adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in transgenic (mREN2)27 rats

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Abstract
Desensitization of the myocardial β‐adrenergic signal transduction pathway is an important mechanism which is involved in the progression of hypertensive heart disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential effects of chronic pharmacotherapy with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitor, an AT1‐receptor antagonist and a direct vasodilator on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and the β‐adrenergic signal transduction. Therefore, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 (TG) rats overexpressing the mouse renin gene were used. This strain is characterized by the development of fulminant hypertension with cardiac hypertrophy. Seven week old heterozygous TG(mREN2)27 rats were treated for 11 weeks with the AT1‐receptor antagonist losartan (10 mg kg−1), the ACE‐inhibitor quinapril (15 mg kg−1) and the direct vasodilator hydralazine (30 mg kg−1). Untreated TG and normotensive Sprague‐Dawley rats (SD) served as controls. TG(mREN2)27‐rats were characterized by arterial hypertension (TG 194±3.2 mmHg vs SD 136±2.9 mmHg systolic blood pressure), increased left ventricular weights (TG 4.3±0.3 vs SD 3.0±0.1 mg g−1 body weight), decreased myocardial neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations (TG 1143±108 vs SD 1953±134 pg g−1 wet weight), reduced β‐adrenoceptor densities (TG 51.1±1.9 vs SD 63.4±3.7 fmol mg−1) as assessed by [125I]‐cyanopindolol binding studies, and increased Giα‐activities (TG 4151±181 vs SD 3169±130 densitometric units) as assessed by pertussis toxin catalyzed [32P]‐ADP‐ribosylation. Downregulation of β‐adrenoceptors and increased Giα were accompanied by significantly reduced isoprenaline‐, Gpp(NH)p‐ and forskolin‐stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. Catalyst activity as determined by forskolin plus Mn2+ co‐stimulation of adenylyl cyclase did not differ between TG(mREN2)27‐ and SD control‐rats. Losartan and quinapril significantly restored systolic blood pressures, left ventricular weights, β‐adrenoceptor densities, myocardial neuropeptide Y‐concentrations, adenylyl cyclase activities and Giα‐activities towards the values in Sprague‐Dawley‐controls. No differences were observed between the effects of quinapril‐ and losartan‐treatment. In contrast, hydralazine had only minor effects on blood pressure reduction, regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and neuroeffector defects in TG(mREN2)27. In conclusion, direct vasodilatation is not able to overcome the pathophysiological alterations in TG caused by transgene overexpression. In contrast, ACE‐inhibitors and AT1‐receptor antagonists, which inhibit the renin angiotensin system, equally exert beneficial effects on blood pressure, myocardial hypertrophy and neuroeffector mechanisms. Modulation of the sympathetic tone and resensitization of the β‐adrenergic signal transduction system may contribute to the special effectiveness of these drugs in the treatment of the hypertensive cardiomyopathy. British Journal of Pharmacology (1998) 123, 405–412; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701615