Electrostatic interactions between positively charged porphyrins and nucleotides or amides: buffer-dependent dramatic changes of binding affinities and modes

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Abstract
The association strength of positively charged porphyrins with anionic species can be orders of magnitude higher than reported in the literature, depending on the chosen buffer; the buffer also determines the dominating interaction mechanism, leading to stronger stacking contributions at higher salt concentrations; even electroneutral amides show a hitherto not recognized interaction between the negatively charged carbonyl oxygen and the positively charged π-surface of the porphyrin system.

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