Distribution of Organophosphate and Carbamate Resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in West Africa

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Abstract
The distribution of organophosphate and carbamate resistance was investigated in 33 samples of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say from 25 cities in Côte d'lvoire and Burkina Faso. Organophosphate resistance levels were higher in Côte d'lvoire than in Burkina Faso. Chlorpyrifos resistance ratios at LC95 ranged from 4 to 30 times in Côte d'lvoire and from 3 to 6 times in Burkina Faso. For temephos, ratios ranged from 3 to 18 and from 1 to 2, respectively. Of 27 samples from Côte d'lvoire, 25 also displayed cross resistance to carbamates as shown by a mortality plateau in bioassays with propoxur and carbosulfan (similar to chlorpyrifos). Cross resistance to organophosphates and carbamates was caused by an insensitive acetylcholinesterase allele (AceR). This gene was absent from Burkina Faso, except in Niangoloko near the Côte d'lvoire border. Organophosphate resistance also was associated with the presence of A2–B2 overproduced esterases which had higher frequencies in Côte d'lvoire (75–100%) than in Burkina Faso (40–50%). Two other esterases with the same electrophoretic mobility as C2 from Puerto Rico and Bl from California were identified for the 1st time in West Africa. “C2” was widespread, whereas “Bl” was present in only a few mosquitoes from Côte d'lvoire. These differences in resistance patterns should be taken into consideration in planning urban mosquito control strategies within 2 countries.

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