Pollen from conifers native to British Columbia

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Abstract
In most coniferous seed orchards for several conifers in British Columbia some form of pollen management is required. This involves collection, storing, application, monitoring, and identification of pollen. Pollen from all 25 native British Columbia conifers is described in simplified terms with regard to size, morphology, exine sculpturing, stage of pollen development in overwintering pollen cones, primary storage products of pollen, and time of pollen shedding in natural stands. Each species is illustrated by light and scanning electron micrographs. Similarities between species and genera and common contaminating pollen from nonseed orchard sources are discussed.