Vector Relationship ofGraminella nigrifronsto Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus

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Abstract
In laboratory colonies, where the ratio of males to females was normally 2:1, 34-35% of adult G. nigrifrons transmitted maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV). There was a statistically significant difference between the rate of MCDV transmission by females (46%) and that by males (29%). While all 5 nymphal instars transmitted MCDV, the last 3 instars were as efficient vectors as adults. Noninfective adult leafhoppers acquired MCDV from diseased corn plants in as little as 15 min. The frequency of transmission increased with extension of the acquisition access period (AAP). Viruliferous adult leafhoppers infected corn seedlings during an inoculation access period (IAP) of 15 min. No latent period of MCDV in G. nigrifrons could be demonstrated; transmission occurred after 1 h AAP and 0.5 h IAP. The minimum incubation period of MCDV in sweet corn was 6 days at a temperature range of 20-32.degree. C. The longest tested retention period of MCDV in G. nigrifrons was 37-40 h, but most transmitters lost their inoculativity earlier. Noninfective leafhoppers recovered MCDV from inoculated corn plants 3-5 days before 1st symptoms appeared. There was no transovarial passage of MCDV in G. nigrifrons reared on infected plants. Inoculative nymphs lost inoculativity immediately upon molting. When MCDV infective adult G. nigrifrons were confined to healthy corn test plants, they retained infectivity for up to 2 days, then lost it and remained noninfective during the next day. After that they began to reacquire the virus from the same test plants. Transmission data from tests involving transfers at intervals of more than 3 days suggest that MCDV is being transmitted by G. nigrifrons in a persistent manner. In reality, all aspects of the transmission process reveal a relationship between MCDV and G. nigrifrons that is not persistent and is best described as transient or transitory.

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