Analysis of Pharyngocutaneous Fistula following Free Jejunal Transfer for Total Laryngopharyngectomy

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Abstract
The development of a pharyngocutaneous fistula is the most common and troublesome complication in the early postoperative period following free jejunal transfer for total laryngopharyngectomy. However, many aspects of this complication remain unclear. In this study, the authors analyzed their experience with the pharyngocutaneous fistula formation following free jejunal transfers to evaluate its clinical behavior, determine the significance of the anastomotic technique used, and evaluate the role of preoperative radiation therapy on its formation and management. Of 168 patients who underwent free jejunal transfers following total laryngopharyngectomy at the authors’ institution between July of 1988 and March of 2000, 23 patients (13.7 percent) with postoperative fistulas were identified. The mean onset of fistula formation was 16 days. Of the 23 fistulas, 13 (56.5 percent) occurred at the proximal and 10 (43.5 percent) at the distal anastomoses. Whereas the majority of the proximal fistulas (69.2 percent) developed near the mesenteric side of the jejunal flap, most of the distal fistulas (90 percent) were located anteriorly. The incidence of proximal fistula formation was higher in patients with a single-layer repair than in patients with a two-layer repair of a proximal anastomosis (80 percent versus 38.5 percent, p = 0.09). The incidence of fistula formation was greater in patients who received preoperative radiation therapy than in those who did not (16.3 percent versus 11.4 percent, p = 0.36). In addition, whereas a majority of fistulas (80 percent) occurred at the proximal anastomosis in patients who did not receive preoperative radiation therapy, most fistulas (61.5 percent) occurred at the distal anastomosis in patients who did receive radiation therapy (p = 0.09). The fistulas closed spontaneously in 15 patients (65 percent). On average, spontaneous closure occurred in 7.4 weeks. Proximal fistulas had a significantly higher rate of spontaneous closure compared with distal fistulas (85 percent versus 40 percent, p = 0.04). The rate of spontaneous fistula closure was higher in patients who had not received preoperative radiation therapy than in those who had (90 percent versus 46 percent, p = 0.07). Surgical closure of the fistula was required in five patients. The fistulas were not repaired in three patients because of recurrent tumor. Twenty patients (87 percent) resumed oral feeding after the closure of the fistula, with 17 (85 percent) of 20 patients tolerating a regular diet and three (15 percent) of 20 a liquid diet only. In conclusion, most fistulas occur at the proximal anastomosis and near the mesenteric side of the jejunal flap, and the use of a two-layer anastomotic technique seems to be associated with a lower incidence of fistula formation at the proximal suture line. Most fistulas close spontaneously, especially ones that occur proximally. Preoperative radiotherapy does seem to increase the risk of fistula formation, especially at the distal anastomotic site and make subsequent resolution of the fistulas more difficult. Most patients are able to resume oral feeding once the fistula is closed. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109: 1522, 2002.)