Thermothrix thiopara: Growth and Metabolism of a Newly Isolated Thermophile Capable of Oxidizing Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds

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Abstract
Thermothrix thiopara is isolated from hot sulfur springs. It occurs in situ at a temperature of 72°C, a pH of 7.0, and an HS- concentration of 17.4 μmol/liter (0.8 ppm). The organism was capable of autotrophic growth. Sulfite, sulfur, and polythionates were formed and subsequently degraded to sulfate during growth with thiosulfate as the sole energy source. Thiosulfate was oxidized by the polythionate pathway, and the stoichiometry of growth on thiosulfate was determined. The organism was also capable of heterotrophic growth in amino acids and simple sugars. A source of reduced sulfur (methionine, glutathione) was required for heterotrophic growth. Growth occurred aerobically or anaerobically with nitrate as a terminal oxidant. Both nitrous oxide and dinitrogen were produced. At 73°C the maximum autotrophic growth rate in batch culture using thiosulfate was 0.56 generation per h. Under the same conditions in continuous culture, washout occurred at a dilution rate of 0.3 to 0.4 per h, corresponding to a cellular growth rate of 0.43 to 0.58 generation per h. This was nearly three times the growth rate for Thiobacillus denitrificans. T. thiopara is gram negative. It was also found to be both lysozyme and penicillin susceptible. As a result, this organism cannot be considered an archaebacterium.