The origin of surface waves

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Abstract
The broken symmetry concept of Goldstone is applied to an inhomogeneous fluid. Specific calculations are performed for the liquid–vapor interface of a simple fluid. The collective variable associated with the breaking of spatial symmetry is the normal displacement of the interface from its equilibrium position. The static correlation function of this variable exhibits long‐range order. Associated with this symmetry breaking variable are propagating modes. The dispersion relation for these surface modes is found to be identical with the hydrodynamic result for capillary waves.

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