Casein kinase I phosphorylates and destabilizes the β-catenin degradation complex

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Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a key role in cell proliferation and development. Recently, casein kinase I (CKI) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) have emerged as positive and negative regulators of the Wnt pathway, respectively. However, it is not clear how these two enzymes with opposing functions regulate Wnt signaling. Here we show that both CKIδ and CKIɛ interacted directly with Dvl-1, and that CKI phosphorylated multiple components of the Wnt-regulated β-catenin degradation complex in vitro, including Dvl-1, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and β-catenin. Comparison of peptide maps from in vivo and in vitro phosphorylated β-catenin and axin suggests that CKI phosphorylates these proteins in vivo as well. CKI abrogated β-catenin degradation in Xenopus egg extracts. Notably, CKI decreased, whereas inhibition of CKI increased, the association of PP2A with the β-catenin degradation complex in vitro. Additionally, inhibition of CKI in vivo stabilized the β-catenin degradation complex, suggesting that CKI actively destabilizes the complex in vivo. The ability of CKI to induce secondary body axes in Xenopus embryos was reduced by the B56 regulatory subunit of PP2A, and kinase-dead CKIɛ acted synergistically with B56 in inhibiting Wnt signaling. The data suggest that CKI phosphorylates and destabilizes the β-catenin degradation complex, likely through the dissociation of PP2A, providing a mechanism by which CKI stabilizes β-catenin and propagates the Wnt signal.